21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇【精选推荐】

时间：2023-02-22 11:55:06 来源：文池范文网

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解1　　FirstListening　　1.Asyoulistenthefirsttime,tickthequestionsthatareansweredi下面是小编为大家整理的21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇【精选推荐】,供大家参考。

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解1

　　First Listening

　　1. As you listen the first time, tick the questions that are answered in the listening passage. Don"t worry about answering the questions yet - just identify which questions are answered.

　　1) What problem is Eddie having in school?

　　2) How many examples does the teacher give?

　　3) Does Eddie"s mother understand the teacher"s viewpoint?

　　4) Does Eddie agree with his teacher?

　　5) What does the teacher think Eddie"s parents should do?

　　Second Listening

　　2. Provide very brief answers to the questions above after the second listening.

　　3. Now a question for discussion: What do you think of the teacher"s ideas?

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解2

　　Vicky — beautiful, talented, very bright, voted "Most Likely to Succeed" in college — got a promising job with a large company after graduation. Then, after two years without promotions, she was fired. She suffered a complete nervous breakdown. "It was panic," she told me later. "Everything had always gone so well for me that I had no experience in coping with rejection. I felt I was a failure." Vicky"s reaction is an extreme example of a common phenomenon.

　　Our society places so much emphasis on "making it" that we assume that any failure is bad. What we don"t always recognize is that what looks like failure may, in the long run, prove beneficial. When Vicky was able to think coolly about why she was fired, for example, she realized that she was sim* not suited for a job dealing with people all the time. In her new position as a copy editor, she works independently, is happy and once again "successful."

　　People are generally prone to what language expert S. I. Hayakawa calls "the two-valued orientation." We talk about seeing both sides of a question as if every question had only two sides. We assume that everyone is either a success or a failure when, in fact, infinite degrees of both are possible. As Hayakawa points out, there"s a world of difference between "I have failed three times" and "I am a failure." Indeed, the words failure and success cannot be reasonably applied to a complex, living, changing human being. They can only describe the situation at a particular time and place.

　　Obviously no one can be brilliant at everything. In fact, success in one area often precludes success in another. A famous politician once told me that his career had practically destroyed his marriage. "I have no time for my family," he explained. "I travel a lot. And even when I"m home, I hardly see my wife and kids. I"ve got power, money, prestige — but as a husband and father, I"m a flop."

　　Certain kinds of success can indeed be destructive. The danger of too early success is particularly acute. I recall from my childhood a girl whose skill on ice skates marked her as "Olympic material." While the rest of us were playing, bicycling, reading and just loafing, this girl skated — every day after school and all weekend. Her picture often appeared in the papers, and the rest of us envied her glamorous life. Years later, however, she spoke bitterly of those early triumphs. "I never prepared myself for anything but the ice," she said. "I peaked at 17 — and it"s been downhill ever since."

　　Success that comes too easily is also damaging. The child who wins a prize for a carelessly - written essay, the * who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probable disappointment when real challenges arise.

　　Success is also bad when it"s achieved at the cost of the total quality of an experience. Successful students sometimes become so obsessed with grades that they never enjoy their school years. They never branch out into tempting new areas, because they don"t want to risk their grade - point average.

　　Why are so many people so afraid of failure? Sim* because no one tells us how to fail so that failure becomes a growing experience. We forget that failure is part of the human condition and that "every person has the right to fail."

　　Most parents work hard at either preventing failure or shielding their children from the knowledge that they have failed. One way is to lower standards. A mother describes her child"s hastily made table as "perfect!" even though it"s clumsy and unsteady. Another way is to shift blame. If John fails math, his teacher is unfair or stupid.

　　The trouble with failure - prevention devices is that they leave a child unequipped for life in the real world. The young need to learn that no one can be best at everything, no one can win all the time — and that it"s possible to enjoy a game even when you don"t win. A child who"s not invited to a birthday party, who doesn"t make the honor roll or the baseball team feels terrible, of course. But parents should not offer a quick consolation prize or say, "It doesn"t matter," because it does. The youngster should be allowed to experience disappointment — and then be helped to master it.

　　Failure is never pleasant. It hurts *s and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask, "Why did I fail?" Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don"t be shy about inquiring.

　　When I was a teenager and failed to get a job I"d counted on, I telephoned the interviewer to ask why. "Because you came ten minutes late," I was told. "We can"t afford employees who waste other people"s time." The explanation was reassuring (I hadn"t been rejected as a person) and helpful, too. I don"t think I"ve been late for anything since.

　　Success, which encourages repetition of old behavior, is not nearly as good a teacher as failure. You can learn from a disastrous party how to give a good one, from an ill-chosen first house what to look for in a second. Even a failure that seems total can prompt fresh thinking, a change of direction.

　　A friend of mine, after 12 years of studying ballet, did not succeed in becoming a dancer. She was turned down by the ballet master, who said, "You will never be a dancer. You haven"t the body for it." In such cases, the way to use failure is to take stock courageously, asking, "What have I left? What else can I do?" My friend put away her toe shoes and moved into dance therapy, a field where she"s both competent and useful.

　　Though we may envy the assurance that comes with success, most of us are attracted by courage in defeat. There is what might be called the noble failure — the special heroism of aiming high, doing your best and then, when that proves not enough, moving bravely on. As Ralph Waldo Emerson said: "A man"s success is made up of failures, because he experiments and ventures every day, and the more falls he gets, moves faster on....I have heard that in horsemanship — a man will never be a good rider until he is thrown; then he will not be haunted any longer by the terror that he shall tumble, and will ride whither he is bound."

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解3

　　vote

　　vt. 1. choose (sb.) to have (a particular title); elect 推选

　　2. 投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)

　　vi. (for, against, on) express one"s choice officially at a meeting or in an election 投票;选举;表决

　　n. 选举;投票;选票

　　*promising

　　a. likely to be very good or successful 有前途的;有希望的

　　promotion

　　n. 1. advancement in rank or position 提升，晋级

　　2. attempt to make a product or an event popular or successful, esp. by advertising 促销;宣传

　　*breakdown

　　n. 1. physical, mental, or nervous collapse 崩溃;衰竭

　　2. (关系、计划或讨论等的)中断

　　nervous breakdown

　　an unnatural condition of deep worrying, anxiety, weeping or tiredness 精神崩溃

　　rejection

　　n. the act of rejecting or being rejected (遭到)拒绝;摒弃

　　reaction

　　n. response or change caused by the action of another 反应;感应

　　extreme

　　a. 1. greatest possible; of the highest degree 极端的;极度的;最大的

　　2. furthest possible; at the very beginning or end 末端的;尽头的

　　n. 极端;极度(状态)

　　emphasis

　　n. (on, upon) special force or attention given to sth. to show that it is particularly important 强调;重点;重要性

　　beneficial

　　a. producing favourable effects or useful results 有益的;有帮助的

　　editor

　　n. 1. a person who checks and corrects texts before they are published 校订者;(文字)编辑

　　2. 编辑;主编

　　editorial

　　a. of or done by an editor 编辑的，编者的

　　edit

　　v. 1. prepare for printing, broadcasting, etc., by deciding what shall be included or left out, putting right mistakes, etc. (为出版、广播等而)编辑，编选;剪辑

　　2. be the editor of 主编;充任(报纸等的)编辑

　　edition

　　n. a particular version of a book, magazine, or newspaper that is printed at one time 版本

　　*prone

　　a. (to) habitually likely to do sth. (usu. undesirable) 有…倾向的，易于…的

　　ap*

　　vt. (to) bring or put into use or operation 应用;实施

　　vi. (to, for) request sth., esp. officially and in writing (尤指以书面形式)申请;请求

　　complex

　　a. 1. difficult to understand, explain, or deal with; not clear or simple 错综复杂的

　　2. (词或句子)复合的，复杂的

　　n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts 综合体;复合体;群落

　　*preclude

　　vt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; prevent 妨碍，阻止;排除;防止

　　practically

　　ad. 1. (infml.) very nearly; almost 几乎，差不多

　　2. in a practical way 实际上;从实际角度

　　*prestige

　　n. general respect or admiration felt in men"s mind for sb. or sth. by reason of having, or being connected with, rank, proved high quality 声望;威望;威信

　　flop

　　n. (infml.) a failure 失败(者)

　　vi. move or fall heavily or awkwardly 笨重地行动;沉重地落下

　　*destructive

　　a. causing or be capable of causing great damage, harm or injury 破坏(性)的

　　acute

　　a. 1. severe, strong, deep 剧烈的`，激烈的;深切的

　　2. (of the mind or the senses) able to notice small differences; working very well; sharp(思想或感官)敏锐的;灵敏的;尖锐的

　　3. 尖的，锐的;成锐角的

　　loaf

　　vi. (infml.) stand or wait in a place without doing anything interesting or useful 游荡，闲逛

　　n. bread, usu. fairly large, in a shape that can be cut into slices (一个)面包

　　*glamo(u)rous

　　a. having the quality of being more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary people or things 富有魅力的;令人向往的

　　*glamo(u)r

　　n. the exciting and charming quality of sth. unusual or special, with a magical power of attraction 魅力;迷人的力量

　　peak

　　vi. reach the highest value, level, point, etc. 达到顶峰;达到最大值

　　n. (山)峰;顶峰;尖顶

　　downhill

　　a. & ad. 1. (becoming) worse or less successful 走下坡路的(地)

　　2. (going) towards the bottom of a hill 向坡下(的)：向下(的)

　　damage

　　n. harm; loss 损害;损失

　　vt. cause damage to 损害;损坏;毁坏

　　distinguish

　　vt. 1. (～oneself) behave or perform noticeably well 使出众

　　2. recognize 辨别;区分

　　probable

　　a. likely 很可能发生的

　　*obsess

　　vt. (usu. pass.) completely fill the mind of (sb.) so that no attention is given to other * [常被动]使着迷

　　grade-point average, GPA

　　(美)(学生各科成绩的)*均积分点

　　shield

　　vt. (from) protect or hide from harm or danger 保护;庇护

　　n. 盾，盾牌

　　hastily

　　ad. too quickly 匆忙地;草率地;性急地

　　haste

　　n. quick movement or action 急忙，匆忙

　　device

　　n. 1. a method of achieving sth. 策略;手段

　　2. an object that has been invented for a particular purpose 装置;设备

　　unequipped

　　a. not equipped with the necessities 未配备所需物品的;无准备的

　　honor roll

　　(美)光荣榜(指优秀学生名单、当地服兵役公民名单等)

　　consolation

　　n. comfort during a time of sadness or disappointment 安慰;慰问

　　consolation prize

　　a prize given to sb. who has not won the competition 安慰奖

　　alike

　　ad. in (almost) the same way; equally 同样地;相似地;以同样程度

　　a. similar in appearance, quality, character, etc. 想像的，同样的

　　*impulse

　　n. 1. a sudden desire to do sth. (一时的)冲动

　　2. 冲力;脉冲;神经冲动

　　inquire, enquire

　　v. ask For information 询问;查问

　　inquiry, enquiry

　　n. (into, about) an act of inquiring 询问;查问

　　afford

　　vt. 1. be able to buy 买得起

　　2. be able to do, spend, give, bear, etc., without serious loss or damage 担负得起(损失、费用、后果等)

　　repetition

　　n. the act of repeating, or sth. repeated 重复;反复

　　ill-chosen

　　a. not well chosen 选择不恰当的

　　ill

　　ad. 1. not well. not enough 不恰当地;拙劣地

　　2. unfavourably; badly, unpleasantly or cruelly 不利地;恶劣地;冷酷无情地

　　3. hardly 几乎不;困难地

　　prompt

　　vt. cause or urge; encourage or help sb. to continue 促使;推动;激励

　　a. done without any delay; not late 迅速的;及时的

　　*ballet

　　n. 芭蕾舞(剧)

　　*stock

　　n. 1. a sup*(of sth.)for use 库存物;储备物

　　2. the thick part of a tree trunk 树桩;树干

　　v. (up) keep supplies of; store 备货;储备

　　courageously

　　ad. bravely; in a way showing courage 英勇地，无畏地

　　toe

　　n. 脚趾;足尖

　　toe shoe

　　芭蕾舞鞋

　　therapy

　　n. the treatment of mental or physical illness (心理或生理)疗法，治疗

　　heroism

　　n. the quality of being a hero; great courage 大无畏精神;英勇

　　horsemanship

　　n. the practice or skill of horse-riding 马术;骑术

　　*haunt

　　vt. (often pass.) be always in the thoughts of (sb.); visit regularly [常被动](思想、回忆等)萦绕;缠扰;常去

　　terror

　　n. (sb. or sth. that causes) extreme fear 恐怖;引起恐怖的人(或物)

　　tumble

　　vi. (down) fall suddenly or helplessly; collapse 摔下;跌倒;倒塌，坍塌

　　whither

　　conj. & ad. (archaic) (to) where 〈古体〉(无论)去哪里

　　bound

　　a. 1. (for, to) going to or intending to go to 准备到…去的

　　2. very likely; certain 一定的;注定的

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　place/lay/put emphasis on/upon

　　give sth. special force or attention to show that it is particularly important 强调;把重点放在，着重于

　　in the long run

　　after enough time; in the end 从长远观点来看;终究

　　a world of

　　a lot of 大量的，无数的

　　be brilliant/best at sth.

　　having or showing great skill at sth. 在某一方面极为出色

　　at the cost of

　　以…为代价

　　branch out

　　(into) add to the range of one"s interests or activities 扩大(兴趣、活动、业务等的)范围

　　count on/upon

　　expect; depend on 指望;料想;依靠

　　turn down

　　refuse (a request or offer or the person that makes it); reject 拒绝(某人或其请求、忠告等)

　　take stock

　　consider a situation carefully so as to take a decision 作出判断，进行评估

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇扩展阅读

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展1）

——21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第2单元内容详解60篇

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第2单元内容详解1

　　First Listening

　　Before listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following blanks to prepare yourself to listen for the figures.

　　1. As you listen to the passage the first time, fill these blanks with the words you hear:

　　Asians and Asian Americans make up only _____ of the US population, but they come up to ____ of the undergraduates at Harvard, _____ at MIT, ______ at Yale and _____ at Berkeley.

　　Second Listening

　　Read the following words first to prepare yourself to answer them to the best of your ability.

　　Talent effort money concentration ambition intelligence pressure sacrifice discrimination tradition

　　2. Why are these statistics "amazing"? And what do you think the explanation is?

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第2单元内容详解2

　　Fox Butterfield

　　Kim-Chi Trinh was just nine when her father used his savings to buy a passage for her on a fishing boat that would carry her from Vietnam. It was a heartbreaking and costly sacrifice for the family, placing Kim-Chi on the small boat, among strangers, in hopes that she would eventually reach the United States, where she would get a good education and enjoy a better life.

　　It was a hard journey for the little girl, and full of risks. Long before the boat reached safety, the supplies of food and water ran out. When Kim-Chi finally made it to the US, she had to cope with a succession of three foster families. But when she graduated from San Diego"s Patrick Henry High School in 1988, she had straight A"s and scholarship offers from some of the most prestigious universities in the country.

　　"I have to do well," says the 19-year-old, now a second-year student at Cornell University. "I owe it to my parents in Vietnam."

　　Kim-Chi is part of a wave of bright, highly - motivated Asian - Americans who are suddenly surging into our best colleges. Although Asian - Americans make up only 2.4 percent of the nation"s population, they constitute 17.1 percent of the undergraduates at Harvard, 18 percent at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and 27.3 percent at the University of California at Berkeley.

　　Why are Asian - Americans doing so well? Are they grinds, as some stereotypes suggest? Do they have higher IQs? Or can we learn a lesson from them about values we have long treasured but may have misplaced — like hard work, the family and education?

　　Not all Asians are doing equally well; poorly - educated Cambodian refugee children, for instance, often need special help. And many Asian - Americans resent being labeled a "model minority," feeling that this is reverse discrimination by white Americans — a contrast to the laws that excluded most Asian immigrants from the US until 1965, but prejudice nevertheless.

　　The young Asians" achievements have led to a series of fascinating studies. Perhaps the most disturbing results come from the research carried out by a University of Michigan psychologist, Harold W. Stevenson, who has compared more than 7,000 students in kindergarten, first grade, third grade and fifth grade in Chicago and Minneapolis with counterparts in Beijing, Taipei and Sendai. On a battery of math tests, the Americans did worst at all grade levels.

　　Stevenson found no differences in IQ. But if the differences in performance are showing up in kindergarten, it suggests something is happening in the family, even before the children get to school.

　　It is here that various researchers" different studies converge: Asian parents are motivating their children better. "The bottom line is, Asian kids work hard," Stevenson says.

　　The real question, then, is how Asian parents imbue their offspring with this kind of motivation. Stevenson"s study suggests a critical answer. When asked why they think their children do well, most Asian parents said "hard work." By contrast, American parents said "talent."

　　"From what I can see," criticizes Stevenson, "we"ve lost our faith in the idea that we can all get ahead in life through hard work. Instead, Americans now believe that some kids have what it takes and some don"t. So we start dividing up classes into‘fast learners’and‘slow learners’, whereas the Chinese and Japanese feel all children can succeed in the same curriculum."

　　This belief in hard work is the first of three main factors contributing to Asian students" outstanding performance. It springs from Asians" common heritage of Confucianism, the philosophy of the 5th-century-BC Chinese sage whose teachings have had a profound influence on Chinese society. One of Confucius"s primary teachings is that through effort, people can perfect themselves.

　　Confucianism provides another important ingredient in the Asians" success as well. In Confucian philosophy, the family plays a central role — an orientation that leads people to work for the honor of the family, not just for themselves. One can never repay one"s parents, and there"s a sense of obligation or even guilt that is as strong a force among Asians as Protestant philosophy is in the West.

　　There"s yet another major factor in this bond between Asian parents and their children. During the 15 years I lived in China, Japan, and Vietnam, I noticed that Asian parents establish a closer physical tie to their infants than most parents in the United States. When I let my baby daughter crawl on the floor, for example, my Chinese friends were horrified and rushed to pick her up. We think this constant attention is old-fashioned or even unhealthy, but for Asians, it"s highly effective.

　　Can we learn anything from the Asians? "I"m not naive enough to think everything in Asia can be transplanted," says Stevenson. But he offered three recommendations.

　　"To start with," he says, "we need to set higher standards for our kids. We wouldn"t expect them to become professional athletes without practicing hard."

　　Second, American parents need to become more committed to their children"s education, he declares. "Being understanding when a child doesn"t do well isn"t enough." Stevenson found that Asian parents spend more time helping their children with homework or writing to their teachers than American parents do.

　　And, third, our schools could be reorganized in simple but effective ways, says Stevenson. Nearly 90 percent of Chinese youngsters say they actually enjoy school, and 60 percent can"t wait for school vacations to end. This is a vastly more positive attitude than youngsters in The US express. One reason may be that students in China and Japan typically have a break after each class, helping them to relax and to increase their attention spans.

　　"I don"t think Asians are any smarter," says Don Lee, an Asian-American student at Berkeley. "There are brilliant Americans in my chemistry class. But the Asian students work harder. I see a lot of wasted potential among the Americans."

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第2单元内容详解3

　　excel

　　v. (at) be the beat or better others (at sth.) 胜过他人

　　savings

　　n. money saved, esp. in a bank 积蓄;存款

　　heartbreaking

　　a. which causes great sorrow 令人悲痛的，令人心碎的

　　costly

　　a. expensive, costing a lot of money 代价高昂的;昂贵的

　　sacrifice

　　n. loss or giving up of sth. of value, esp. for what is believed to be a good purpose 牺牲

　　vt. 牺牲

　　risk

　　n. (of) a danger;sth. that might have undesirable results 危险;风险

　　vt. place in a dangerous situation 使遭受危险;冒…的风险

　　cope

　　vi. (with) deal successfully (with a difficult situation) (妥善地)应付或处理

　　succession

　　n. a series or the act of following one after the other (前后相接的)一系列，一连串;连续

　　successive

　　a. following each other closely 接连的，连续的，相继的

　　*foster

　　a. *的;寄养的

　　vt. 收养;照料

　　scholarship

　　n. 1. 奖学金

　　2. 学识;学术成就

　　owe

　　vt. (to) 1. have sth. (usually sth. good) because of 把…归功于

　　2. have to pay, for sth. already done or given 欠

　　owing

　　a. (to) still to be paid 未付的，欠着的

　　motivate

　　vt. (often pass.) 1. provide (sb.) with a (strong) need, purpose or reason for doing sth. [常被动] 激发…的积极性

　　2. 使有动机

　　*surge

　　vi. move, esp. forward, in or like powerful waves (如浪潮般) 汹涌;奔腾

　　n. (感情等的)洋溢或奔放

　　constitute

　　vt. 1. form or make up 形成;构成

　　2. formally establish or appoint 组建;选派

　　constitution

　　n. 1. the act of establishing, making, or setting up;constituting 制定;设立;组成

　　2. (often cap.) [常大写] 宪法;法规;章程

　　*constitutional

　　a. allowed or limited by a political constitution 宪法规定的;合乎宪法的

　　grind

　　n. (AmE, often derog.) a student who is always working (美)[常贬义]用功的学生，书呆子

　　vt. 磨;磨碎

　　*stereotype

　　n. a fixed pattern which is believed to represent a type of person or event 固定形式，老套

　　misplace

　　vt. 1. lose (sth.),usu. for only a limited time (暂时)丢弃

　　2. put in an unsuitable or wrong place 把…放错地方

　　refugee

　　n. sb. who has been forced to leave their country for political reason or during a war 难民;流亡者

　　*resent

　　vt. feel anger and dislike about sth. 对…表示愤恨

　　label

　　vt. 1. describe as belonging to a particular kind or class 把…称为;把…列为

　　2. 加标签于;用标签标明

　　n. 标签

　　minority

　　n. 1. a small part of a population which is different from others in race, religion, etc. 少数民族;少数派

　　2. the small number or part;less than half 少数

　　minor

　　a. 较少的，较小的

　　*discrimination

　　n. 1. the practice of unfairly treating sb. or sth. 区别对待;歧视

　　2. the ability to recognize the difference between two things 识别力;辨别力

　　reverse discrimination

　　the making of distinctions in favour of groups considered disadvantaged or underprivileged 逆向歧视，反其道而行之的歧视

　　*discriminate

　　v. 1. (against, in favor of) unfairly treat one person or group worse or better than others 有差别地对待

　　2. see or make a difference between things or people 区别，辨别，区分

　　contrast

　　n. (to, with) a strong difference between two people, objects or situations 对比;对照

　　v. examine (two things) in order to find or show differences 对比;对照

　　exclude

　　vt. keep out from a place or an activity 阻止…进入;把…排斥在外

　　exclusion

　　n. the act of excluding or fact of being excluded 拒绝;排斥

　　exclusive

　　a. (of) not taking into account;without;excluding 不算;不包括;把…排斥在外

　　exclusively

　　ad. only;and nothing/no one else 排斥其他地;专有地;单独地

　　immigrant

　　n. a person who has come to live in a country from abroad 移民;侨民

　　prejudice

　　n. unfair and usually unfavorable feeling or opinion about a group—e.g.a nationality or race 歧视;偏见;成见

　　series

　　n. 1. (of) a set or group of things of the same kind or related in some way, coming one after another or in order 系列;连接

　　2. 丛书;广播(或电视)系列节目

　　fascinating

　　a. having great attraction or charm 吸引人的.;迷人的

　　*fascinate

　　vt. (with) charm powerfully;be very interesting to 强烈地吸引;迷住

　　disturbing

　　a. causing worry or fright 令人不安的;令人烦恼的

　　disturb

　　vt. 1. break the peace or order of 扰乱;打扰

　　2. cause to become anxious or upset 使心神不安;使烦恼

　　*disturbance

　　n. 1. an act of disturbing or the state of being disturbed 打扰;扰乱

　　2. sth. that disturbs 造成干扰的事物

　　kindergarten

　　n. a school or class for young children, usu. between the ages of four and six 幼儿园

　　*counterpart

　　n. a person or thing that has the same purpose or does the same job as another in a different system 对应的人(或物);对手(方)

　　battery

　　n. 1. (of) a set or number of things of the same kind occurring in rapid succession 一组;一系列

　　2. 电池(组)

　　*converge

　　vi. (of two or more things) come together towards the same point (在一点上)会合;集中

　　the bottom line

　　the basic point 基本要点

　　imbue

　　v. (with)(usu. pass.) to fill with (sth., often a strong feeling or opinion) [常被动]灌输(某种强烈的情感或意见)

　　*offspring

　　n. a child or children from particular parents 子女;后代

　　critical

　　a. 1. providing a careful judgment of the good and bad qualities of sth. 判断(或评价)审慎的

　　2. 批判的

　　3. 关键的

　　criticize (-cise)

　　v. 1. make judgments about the good or bad points of 评论

　　2. judge with disapproval;point out the faults of 批评;指责

　　criticism

　　n. unfavorable judgment or expression of disapproval 批评;指责

　　curriculum

　　n. the program of study offered in a school, college, etc. 课程，大纲

　　factor

　　n. any of the facts, conditions, influences, etc. that act with others to bring about a result 因素，要素

　　outstanding

　　a. 1. better than others, very good 杰出的;优秀的

　　2. easily seen, important 显要的;重要的

　　*heritage

　　n. a tradition, custom, or quality which is passed down over many years within a family, social group, or nation and which is thought of as belonging to all its members 继承物，遗产;传统

　　philosophy

　　n. 哲学

　　sage

　　n. sb., esp. an old man or historical person, known for his wisdom and long experience 圣贤;哲人

　　primary

　　a. 1. chief, main 主要的

　　2. earliest in time or order of development 最初的

　　ingredient

　　n. 1. one of the essential parts of a situation 因素;要素

　　2. 成分

　　central

　　a. 1. chief, main, of greatest importance 主要的，最重要的

　　2. being (at, in, or near) the center (位居)中心的

　　*orientation

　　n. a direction or position 取向;方位;定位

　　*repay

　　vt. reward;pay back 偿还;回报

　　obligation

　　n. sth. that one must do out of a duty or promise 义务;责任

　　guilt

　　n. 1. the feelings produced by knowledge or belief that one has done wrong 内疚

　　2. the fact of having broken a moral rule or official law 罪(行)

　　bond

　　n. 1. sth. that unites two or more people, or groups, such as a shared feeling or interest 联结;联系

　　2. 公债，债券

　　3. 合约

　　crawl

　　vi. & n. 爬(行)

　　horrify

　　vt. shock greatly;fill with horror 吓;使感惊骇

　　unhealthy

　　a. 1. likely to cause illness or poor health 有碍健康的

　　2. not very strong or well, often ill 体弱多病的，不结实的，不健康的

　　*naivea. 1. too willing to believe or trust 轻信的

　　2. without experience (as of social rules or behaviour), esp. because one is young 幼稚的;天真的

　　*transplant

　　vt. move sth. from one place and plant, settle or establish elsewhere 移植;移居

　　recommendation

　　n. 1. suggestion, piece of advice 建议

　　2. 推荐信

　　vacation

　　n. (esp. AmE) holiday 假期;休假

　　vastly

　　ad. 1. very greatly 非常大地

　　2. 广阔地

　　vast

　　a. 1. very large and wide 广阔的;广大的

　　2. great in amount 大量的

　　positive

　　a. 1. (of people) sure, having no doubt about sth. 无疑问的;确定的

　　2. certain, beyond any doubt 肯定的

　　3. (of a statement) direct 正面的

　　span

　　n. 1. the length of time over which a stated thing continues or works well 持续时间

　　2. 跨度;跨距

　　attention span

　　a length of time over which one can concentrate 注意力的持续时间

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　make it (to) (a place)

　　succeed in getting (to) (a place) 成功抵达某地

　　owe to

　　have (sth. good) because of 把…归功于…

　　imbue with

　　(use. pass.) fill (sb), with (sth.), esp. a strong feeling or opinion [常被动] 向…灌输…

　　by contrast

　　very differently (from sth. previously mentioned);on the other hand 对比之下

　　get ahead

　　be successful in one"s career 获得成功;出头

　　have what it takes

　　(infml.) have the qualifications necessary for success 具备取得成功的必要条件

　　spring from

　　be a product or result of;originate from 发源于;来自

　　can"t wait (for sth.)

　　be excited about and eager (for sth.) 迫不及待，等不及

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展2）

——21世纪大学英语读写教程第4册第3课内容解说60篇

21世纪大学英语读写教程第4册第3课内容解说1

　　Caroline Seebohm

　　Dr. Edward Jenner was busy trying to solve the problem of smallpox. After studying case after case, he still found no possible cure. He had reached an impasse in his thinking. At this point, he changed his tactics. Instead of focusing on people who had smallpox, he switched his attention to people who did not have smallpox. It turned out that dairymaids apparently never got the disease. From the discovery that harmless cowpox gave protection against deadly smallpox came vaccination and the end of smallpox as a scourge in the western world.

　　We often reach an impasse in our thinking. We are looking at a problem and trying to solve it and it seems there is a dead end. It is on these occasions that we become tense, we feel pressured, overwhelmed, in a state of stress. We struggle vainly, fighting to solve the problem.

　　Dr. Jenner, however, did something about this situation. He stopped fighting the problem and sim* changed his point of view—from his patients to dairy maids. Picture the process going something like this: Suppose the brain is a com*r. This com*r has absorbed into its memory bank all your history, your experiences, your training, your information received through life; and it is programmed according to all this data. To change your point of view, you must reprogramme your com*r, thus freeing yourself to take in new ideas and develop new ways of looking at things. Dr. Jenner, in effect, by reprogramming his com*r, erased the old way of looking at his smallpox problem and was free to receive new alternatives.

　　That"s all very well, you may say, but how do we actually do that?

　　Doctor and philosopher Edward de Bono has come up with a technique for changing our point of view, and he calls it Lateral Thinking.

　　The normal Western approach to a problem is to fight it. The saying, "When the going gets tough, the tough get going," is typical of this aggressive attitude toward problem-solving. No matter what the problem is, or the techniques available for solving it, the framework produced by our Western way of thinking is fight. Dr. de Bono calls this vertical thinking; the traditional, sequential, Aristotelian thinking of logic, moving firmly from one step to the next, like toy blocks being built one on top of the other. The flaw is, of course, that if at any point one of the steps is not reached, or one of the toy blocks is incorrectly placed, then the whole structure collapses. Impasse is reached, and frustration, tension, feelings of fight take over.

　　Lateral thinking, Dr. de Bono says, is a new technique of thinking about things—a technique that avoids this fight altogether, and solves the problem in an entirely unexpected fashion.

　　In one of Sherlock Holmes"s cases, his assistant, Dr. Watson, pointed out that a certain dog was of no importance to the case because it did not appear to have done anything. Sherlock Holmes took the opposite point of view and maintained that the fact the dog had done nothing was of the utmost significance, for it should have been expected to do something, and on this basic he solved the case.

　　Lateral thinking sounds simple. And it is. Once you have solved a problem laterally, you wonder how you could ever have been hung up on it. The key is making that vital shift in emphasis, that sidestepping of the problem, instead of attacking it head-on.

　　Dr. A. A. Bridger, psychiatrist at Columbia University and in private practice in New York, explains how lateral thinking works with his patients. "Many people come to me wanting to stop smoking, for instance," he says. "Most people fail when they are trying to stop smoking because they wind up telling themselves, "No, I will not smoke; no, 1 shall not smoke; no, I will not; no, I cannot..." It"s a fight and what happens is you end up smoking more."

　　"So instead of looking at the problem from the old ways of no, and fighting it, I show them a whole new point of view—that you are your body"s keeper, and your body is something through which you experience life. If you stop to think about it, there"s really something helpless about your body. It can do nothing for itself. It has no choice, it is like a baby"s body. You begin then a whole new way of looking at it—‘I am now going to take care of myself, and give myself some respect and protection, by not smoking."

　　“There is a Japanese parable about a donkey tied to a pole by a rope. The rope rubs tight against his neck. The more the donkey fights and pulls on the rope, the tighter and tighter it gets around his throat—until he winds up dead. On the other hand, as soon as he stops fighting, he finds that the rope gets slack, he can walk around, maybe find some grass to eat...That"s the same principle: The more you fight something the more anxious you become—the more you"re involved in a bad pattern, the more difficult it is to escape pain.

　　"Lateral thinking," Dr. Bridger goes on, "is sim* approaching a problem with what I would call an Eastern flanking maneuver. You know, when a zen archer wants to hit the target with a bow and arrow, he doesn"t concentrate on the target, he concentrates rather on what he has in his hands, so when he lets the arrow go, his focus is on the arrow, rather than the target. This is what an Eastern flanking maneuver implies—instead of approaching the target directly, you approach it from a sideways point of view—or laterally instead of vertically."

　　"I think the answer lies in that direction," affirms Dr. Bridger. "Take the situation where someone is in a crisis. The Chinese word for crisis is divided into two characters, one meaning danger and the other meaning opportunity. We in the Western world focus only upon the ‘danger" aspect of crisis. Crisis in Western civilization has come to mean danger, period. And yet the word can also mean opportunity. Let us now suggest to the person in crisis that he cease concentrating so upon the dangers involved and the difficulties, and concentrate instead upon the opportunity—for there is always opportunity in crisis. Looking at a crisis from an opportunity point of view is a lateral thought."

21世纪大学英语读写教程第4册第3课内容解说2

　　smallpox

　　n. a highly contagious disease causing spots which leave marks on the skin 天花

　　impasse

　　n. a position from which progress is impossible; deadlock 僵局;死胡同

　　tactics

　　n. a method or process of carrying out a scheme or achieving some end 战术;策略

　　dairymaid

　　n. a girl or woman who works in a dairy 牛奶场女工

　　dairy

　　n. 1. place where milk is kept and milk products are made 牛奶场;奶品场

　　2. shop where milk, butter, etc. are sold 乳品店

　　cowpox

　　n. a disease of cows, of which the virus was formerly used in vaccination against smallpox 牛痘

　　vaccination

　　n. 接种疫苗

　　scourge

　　n. thing or person that causes great trouble or misfortune 苦难的根源;灾难;祸害

　　dead end

　　n. a point beyond which progress or achievement is impossible; a street or passage closed at one end 僵局;死巷，死胡同

　　vainly

　　ad. uselessly; in vain 枉然地;徒劳地

　　vain

　　a. 1. having too high an opinion of one"s looks, abilities, etc.; conceited 自视甚高的;自负的

　　2. useless or futile 无用的，无益的，无效的;徒劳的

　　erase

　　vt. rub out; remove all traces of 擦掉;抹去

　　lateral

　　a. of, at, towards, or from the side or sides 横向的.;侧面的;向侧面的

　　laterally

　　ad. in a lateral direction, sideways 横向地;侧面地;旁边地

　　lateral thinking

　　横向思维，水*思考

　　going

　　n. 1. the condition of the ground for walking, driving or riding 地面状况

　　2. condition of progress 进行情况;进展

　　framework

　　n. 1. set of principles or ideas used as a basis for one"s judgement, decisions, etc. 参照标准;准则;观点

　　2. structure giving shape and support 框架，结构

　　vertical

　　a. straight up and down; at right angles to a horizontal plane 纵向的;垂直的

　　vertically

　　ad. in a vertical direction 垂直地

　　sequential

　　a. of, forming, or following in (a) sequence 相继的;连续的

　　flaw

　　n. a defect; fault; error 瑕疵;缺点

　　structure

　　n. sth. built; anything composed of parts arranged together; way in which sth. is put together, organized, built, etc. 结构;建筑物;构造物

　　utmost

　　a. greatest; highest 极度的;极高的

　　significance

　　n. importance; meaning 重要性;意义，含义

　　sidestep

　　v. step aside; avoid by stepping aside 横跨一步避开;回避

　　head-on

　　ad. in a direct manner; with the head or front first 正面地;迎头向前地

　　parable

　　n. a brief story used to teach some moral lesson or truth 寓言

　　donkey

　　n. 驴

　　slack

　　a. not tight or firm; loose 不紧的;松弛的

　　flank

　　v. be located at the side (of); attack the side (of) 位于侧面;攻击侧面

　　man(o)euver

　　n. a planned movement of troops or warships; a skillful move or clever trick 部队等的调遣;巧计;策略

　　flanking maneuve

　　n. 侧攻策略

　　zen

　　n. a japanese form of Buddhism, emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition 禅;禅宗

　　archer

　　n. a person who shoots with a bow and arrows 弓箭手

　　bow

　　n. 弓

　　im*

　　vt. express indirectly; suggest 暗示;意味着

　　sideways

　　a. to or from a side 旁边的;向侧面的

　　affirm

　　vt. declare to be true; say firmly 断言;肯定

　　period

　　int.(美口)(常用于叙述事实或看法后表示强调)就是这话;就是这么回事

　　cease

　　vt. put an end to; stop 终止;停止

21世纪大学英语读写教程第4册第3课内容解说3

　　take in

　　receive; absorb 接受;接纳;吸收

　　in effect

　　in reality 实际上

　　take over

　　take control in place of sth. else 取而代之;取得主导地位

　　be hung up on/about

　　be thinking or worrying too much about 因…而烦心;因…而心神不宁

　　wind up

　　(infml.) bring or come to an end; end in a specified state or circumstance (口)(使)结束;以…告终

　　end up

　　wind up; come out 结束;结果是

　　pull on

　　draw (one end of sth. long) continuously and with force 用力拉(某长形物之一端)

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展3）

——21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解 (菁选3篇)

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解1

　　First Listening

　　1. As you listen the first time, tick the questions that are answered in the listening passage. Don"t worry about answering the questions yet - just identify which questions are answered.

　　1) What problem is Eddie having in school?

　　2) How many examples does the teacher give?

　　3) Does Eddie"s mother understand the teacher"s viewpoint?

　　4) Does Eddie agree with his teacher?

　　5) What does the teacher think Eddie"s parents should do?

　　Second Listening

　　2. Provide very brief answers to the questions above after the second listening.

　　3. Now a question for discussion: What do you think of the teacher"s ideas?

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解2

　　Success that comes too easily is also damaging. The child who wins a prize for a carelessly - written essay, the adult who distinguishes himself at a first job by lucky accident faces probable disappointment when real challenges arise.

　　Failure is never pleasant. It hurts adults and children alike. But it can make a positive contribution to your life once you learn to use it. Step one is to ask, "Why did I fail?" Resist the natural impulse to blame someone else. Ask yourself what you did wrong, how you can improve. If someone else can help, don"t be shy about inquiring.

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解3

　　vote

　　vt. 1. choose (sb.) to have (a particular title); elect 推选

　　2. 投票选举(或制定、决定、赞成、支持、通过)

　　vi. (for, against, on) express one"s choice officially at a meeting or in an election 投票;选举;表决

　　n. 选举;投票;选票

　　*promising

　　a. likely to be very good or successful 有前途的;有希望的

　　promotion

　　n. 1. advancement in rank or position 提升，晋级

　　2. attempt to make a product or an event popular or successful, esp. by advertising 促销;宣传

　　*breakdown

　　n. 1. physical, mental, or nervous collapse 崩溃;衰竭

　　2. (关系、计划或讨论等的)中断

　　nervous breakdown

　　an unnatural condition of deep worrying, anxiety, weeping or tiredness 精神崩溃

　　rejection

　　n. the act of rejecting or being rejected (遭到)拒绝;摒弃

　　reaction

　　n. response or change caused by the action of another 反应;感应

　　extreme

　　a. 1. greatest possible; of the highest degree 极端的;极度的;最大的

　　2. furthest possible; at the very beginning or end 末端的;尽头的

　　n. 极端;极度(状态)

　　emphasis

　　n. (on, upon) special force or attention given to sth. to show that it is particularly important 强调;重点;重要性

　　beneficial

　　a. producing favourable effects or useful results 有益的;有帮助的

　　editor

　　n. 1. a person who checks and corrects texts before they are published 校订者;(文字)编辑

　　2. 编辑;主编

　　editorial

　　a. of or done by an editor 编辑的，编者的

　　edit

　　v. 1. prepare for printing, broadcasting, etc., by deciding what shall be included or left out, putting right mistakes, etc. (为出版、广播等而)编辑，编选;剪辑

　　2. be the editor of 主编;充任(报纸等的)编辑

　　edition

　　n. a particular version of a book, magazine, or newspaper that is printed at one time 版本

　　*prone

　　a. (to) habitually likely to do sth. (usu. undesirable) 有…倾向的，易于…的

　　ap*

　　vt. (to) bring or put into use or operation 应用;实施

　　vi. (to, for) request sth., esp. officially and in writing (尤指以书面形式)申请;请求

　　complex

　　a. 1. difficult to understand, explain, or deal with; not clear or simple 错综复杂的

　　2. (词或句子)复合的，复杂的

　　n. a system consisting of a large number of closely related parts 综合体;复合体;群落

　　*preclude

　　vt. (fml.) (from) make impossible; prevent 妨碍，阻止;排除;防止

　　practically

　　ad. 1. (infml.) very nearly; almost 几乎，差不多

　　2. in a practical way 实际上;从实际角度

　　*prestige

　　n. general respect or admiration felt in men"s mind for sb. or sth. by reason of having, or being connected with, rank, proved high quality 声望;威望;威信

　　flop

　　n. (infml.) a failure 失败(者)

　　vi. move or fall heavily or awkwardly 笨重地行动;沉重地落下

　　*destructive

　　a. causing or be capable of causing great damage, harm or injury 破坏(性)的

　　acute

　　a. 1. severe, strong, deep 剧烈的`，激烈的;深切的

　　2. (of the mind or the senses) able to notice small differences; working very well; sharp(思想或感官)敏锐的;灵敏的;尖锐的

　　3. 尖的，锐的;成锐角的

　　loaf

　　vi. (infml.) stand or wait in a place without doing anything interesting or useful 游荡，闲逛

　　n. bread, usu. fairly large, in a shape that can be cut into slices (一个)面包

　　*glamo(u)rous

　　a. having the quality of being more attractive, exciting, or interesting than ordinary people or things 富有魅力的;令人向往的

　　*glamo(u)r

　　n. the exciting and charming quality of sth. unusual or special, with a magical power of attraction 魅力;迷人的力量

　　peak

　　vi. reach the highest value, level, point, etc. 达到顶峰;达到最大值

　　n. (山)峰;顶峰;尖顶

　　downhill

　　a. & ad. 1. (becoming) worse or less successful 走下坡路的(地)

　　2. (going) towards the bottom of a hill 向坡下(的)：向下(的)

　　damage

　　n. harm; loss 损害;损失

　　vt. cause damage to 损害;损坏;毁坏

　　distinguish

　　vt. 1. (～oneself) behave or perform noticeably well 使出众

　　2. recognize 辨别;区分

　　probable

　　a. likely 很可能发生的

　　*obsess

　　vt. (usu. pass.) completely fill the mind of (sb.) so that no attention is given to other * [常被动]使着迷

　　grade-point average, GPA

　　(美)(学生各科成绩的)*均积分点

　　shield

　　vt. (from) protect or hide from harm or danger 保护;庇护

　　n. 盾，盾牌

　　hastily

　　ad. too quickly 匆忙地;草率地;性急地

　　haste

　　n. quick movement or action 急忙，匆忙

　　device

　　n. 1. a method of achieving sth. 策略;手段

　　2. an object that has been invented for a particular purpose 装置;设备

　　unequipped

　　a. not equipped with the necessities 未配备所需物品的;无准备的

　　honor roll

　　(美)光荣榜(指优秀学生名单、当地服兵役公民名单等)

　　consolation

　　n. comfort during a time of sadness or disappointment 安慰;慰问

　　consolation prize

　　a prize given to sb. who has not won the competition 安慰奖

　　alike

　　ad. in (almost) the same way; equally 同样地;相似地;以同样程度

　　a. similar in appearance, quality, character, etc. 想像的，同样的

　　*impulse

　　n. 1. a sudden desire to do sth. (一时的)冲动

　　2. 冲力;脉冲;神经冲动

　　inquire, enquire

　　v. ask For information 询问;查问

　　inquiry, enquiry

　　n. (into, about) an act of inquiring 询问;查问

　　afford

　　vt. 1. be able to buy 买得起

　　2. be able to do, spend, give, bear, etc., without serious loss or damage 担负得起(损失、费用、后果等)

　　repetition

　　n. the act of repeating, or sth. repeated 重复;反复

　　ill-chosen

　　a. not well chosen 选择不恰当的

　　ill

　　ad. 1. not well. not enough 不恰当地;拙劣地

　　2. unfavourably; badly, unpleasantly or cruelly 不利地;恶劣地;冷酷无情地

　　3. hardly 几乎不;困难地

　　prompt

　　vt. cause or urge; encourage or help sb. to continue 促使;推动;激励

　　a. done without any delay; not late 迅速的;及时的

　　*ballet

　　n. 芭蕾舞(剧)

　　*stock

　　n. 1. a sup*(of sth.)for use 库存物;储备物

　　2. the thick part of a tree trunk 树桩;树干

　　v. (up) keep supplies of; store 备货;储备

　　courageously

　　ad. bravely; in a way showing courage 英勇地，无畏地

　　toe

　　n. 脚趾;足尖

　　toe shoe

　　芭蕾舞鞋

　　therapy

　　n. the treatment of mental or physical illness (心理或生理)疗法，治疗

　　heroism

　　n. the quality of being a hero; great courage 大无畏精神;英勇

　　horsemanship

　　n. the practice or skill of horse-riding 马术;骑术

　　*haunt

　　vt. (often pass.) be always in the thoughts of (sb.); visit regularly [常被动](思想、回忆等)萦绕;缠扰;常去

　　terror

　　n. (sb. or sth. that causes) extreme fear 恐怖;引起恐怖的人(或物)

　　tumble

　　vi. (down) fall suddenly or helplessly; collapse 摔下;跌倒;倒塌，坍塌

　　whither

　　conj. & ad. (archaic) (to) where 〈古体〉(无论)去哪里

　　bound

　　a. 1. (for, to) going to or intending to go to 准备到…去的

　　2. very likely; certain 一定的;注定的

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　place/lay/put emphasis on/upon

　　give sth. special force or attention to show that it is particularly important 强调;把重点放在，着重于

　　in the long run

　　after enough time; in the end 从长远观点来看;终究

　　a world of

　　a lot of 大量的，无数的

　　be brilliant/best at sth.

　　having or showing great skill at sth. 在某一方面极为出色

　　at the cost of

　　以…为代价

　　branch out

　　(into) add to the range of one"s interests or activities 扩大(兴趣、活动、业务等的)范围

　　count on/upon

　　expect; depend on 指望;料想;依靠

　　turn down

　　refuse (a request or offer or the person that makes it); reject 拒绝(某人或其请求、忠告等)

　　take stock

　　consider a situation carefully so as to take a decision 作出判断，进行评估

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展4）

——21世纪大学英语第二册Unit4到Unit6课后答案60篇

21世纪大学英语第二册Unit4到Unit6课后答案1

　　l庇护孩子不让他们知道自己已经失败对于他们的成长和发展是绝对无益的。

　　Protecting children from the knowledge that they have failed is anything but beneficial to their growth and development.

　　l爱默生认为在失败和成功之间并无天壤之别。

　　Emerson does not think there is a world of difference between success and failure.

　　l一个成熟的人是一个善于把失败变为成功的人。

　　A mature man is one who is good at turning failure into success.

　　l她醉心于在溜冰方面取得的成功，从未对现实世界的挑战做好准备。

　　She was so obsessed with becoming a success in ice-skating that she never prepared herself for the challenges of the real world.

　　l当他得知自己的公司已经破产时，完全崩溃了。

　　He suffered a complete nervous breakdown when he learned that his company bad gone bankrupt.

　　l史密斯先生在谈到他的成功时，往往夸大其辞。

　　When talking about his success, Mr. Smith is very prone to exaggeration.

　　l这家公司开始只卖收音机，但现在已扩大营业范围，销售电脑了。

　　The company started by selling radios but now has branched out into selling com*rs as well.

　　l事实上，失败并不是可怕的东西。一旦我们学会应用它，它就能对我们的成长和发展做出积极的`贡献。

　　In fact, failure is nothing to be afraid. Once we learn how to use it, it can make a positive contribution to our growth and development.

21世纪大学英语第二册Unit4到Unit6课后答案2

　　l这所大学只提供给普里西拉一小笔贷款，余下的钱得靠她自己去筹划。

　　The university offered Priscilla only a small loan and she had to come up with the rest of the money herself.

　　l凭着她在餐馆工作的微薄收入，玛丽几乎无法维持生活。因此，她已在所住的公寓大楼里找了一些清扫大楼的工作做。

　　With the small income from her restaurant job, Mary could barely make (both) ends meet. That’s why she had found some cleaning work to do in the apartment building where she lived.

　　l在头两个学期她经常熬夜学习，因为她知道必须在班上取得最高的*均积点才有资格获得那份奖学金。

　　In the first two semesters, she often stayed up late studying because she knew she had to get the highest GPA in her class to qualify for the scholarship.

　　l任何人想在那家公司找到工作，即使没有博士学位，至少也得有个硕士学位，不然就不会被录用。

　　Anyone who wants to find employment in/with that company must have at least a mater’s degree, if not a Ph. S. Otherwise he or she will not be accepted.

　　l只要你全心全意地投身于学习，你终将会达到你成为一名考古学家的长远目标。

　　Only if you threw yourself into your studies will you ultimately achieve your long-term goal of becoming an archaeologist.

　　l在办公室里贝思看上去一直很开心，脸上随时带着微笑。但在内心深处她已厌倦了做秘书。她想做点有创意的事情。

　　In the office Beth always looked happy and had a ready smile. But deep down, she was tired of being a secretary. She wanted to do something more creative.

　　l我父亲是来自墨西哥的农业季节工人。当我被华盛顿大学录取，成为我家上大学的第一人时，他高兴极了。

　　A migrant farm laborer from Mexico, my father was overjoyed when I was accepted by the University of Washington and became the first person in my family to attend college.

　　l普里西拉回忆起初艰苦奋斗年月时说，在工作和学习之间取得*衡是不容易的。

　　When Priscilla looked back on her years of hard struggle, she said that it was no easy job to balance work and study.

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展5）

——21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册史蒂芬霍金的简史60篇

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册史蒂芬霍金的简史1

　　First Listening

　　1.Before you listen to the tape have a quick look at the paragraph below. It"s similar to what you"ll hear on the tape, but there are some differences. As you listen the first time, underline the sections of the paragraph that are different from what you hear on the tape. Don"t worry yet about what the exact differences are-just underline where they appear.

　　Steven Hawking, the world-famous scientist and author, lost his ability to speak in 1985. Already confined to a wheelchair, unable to move more than a few muscles, he lost his voice and this meant he could communicate only by raising his eyebrows. Then an American com*r programmer came to Hawking"s rescue by designing a vocalizing com*r specially for him. With its help. Hawking can construct sentences at a speed of about 15 words per minute, by selecting words from his com*r screen and then clicking on a device that vocalizes the sentences for him. Hawking jokes about the com*r: "The only trouble is that it gives me an American accent."

　　Second Listening

　　2. What else do you know about Steven Hawking and his book A Brief History of Time? Why is he called "the smartest man in the world"?

　　A Brief History of Stephen Hawking

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册史蒂芬霍金的简史2

　　He has been proclaimed "the finest mind alive", "the greatest genius of the late 20th century", and "Einstein"s heir". Known to millions, far and wide, for his book A Brief History of Time, Stephen Hawking is a star scientist in more ways than one. His gift for revealing the mysteries of the universe in a style that non-scientists can enjoy made Hawking an instant celebrity and his book a bestseller in both Britain and America. It has earned a place in the Guinness Book of Records for spending 184 weeks in The Sunday Times "top-ten" lists, and has sold more than five million copies worldwide — virtually unheard-of success for a science book.

　　How did all this happen? How has a man who is almost completely paralysed and unable to speak except through a com*r overcome these incredible obstacles and achieved far more than most people ever dream of?

　　Stephen William Hawking was a healthy baby, born to intellectual, eccentric parents. His father Frank, a doctor specialising in tropical diseases, and his mother Isobel, a doctor"s daughter, lived in a big old house full of books. Carpets and furniture stayed in use until they fell apart; the wallpaper hung peeling from old age. The family car was a London taxi, bought for ￡50.

　　Hawking has always been fascinated by his birth date: January 8,1942. It was the 300th anniversary of the death of Galileo, the Italian mathematician and astronomer who revolutionised astronomy by maintaining that the Sun is the centre of the Solar System — not the Earth, as ancient astronomers believed.

　　"Galileo", says Hawking, "was the first scientist to start using his eyes, both figuratively and literally. In a sense, he was responsible for the age of science we now enjoy."

　　Hawking attended St. Albans School, a private school noted for its high academic standards. He was part of a small elite group, the brightest of the bright students. They hung around together, listened to classical music and read only such "smart" authors as Aldous Huxley and Hawking"s hero, Bertrand Russell, at once an intellectual giant and liberal activist.

　　Hawking spent very little time on maths homework, yet got full marks. A friend recalls: "While I would be struggling away with a complicated problem, he just knew the answer. He didn"t have to think about it."

　　This instinctive insight also impressed his teachers. One of Hawking"s science teachers, for example, recalls the time he posed the question: "Does a cup of hot tea reach a drinkable temperature more quickly if you put the milk in first, or add the milk after pouring?" While the rest of the class struggled over how to even begin approaching the problem, Hawking almost instantly announced the correct answer: "Add the milk after pouring, of course." (The hotter the tea initially, the faster it will cool.) Another teacher relates how Hawking and his friends built a simple com*r—and this was in 1958, a time when only large research centres had any com*rs at all.

　　Hawking the schoolboy was a typical grind, underweight and awkward and peering through eyeglasses. His grey uniform always looked a mess and he spoke rather unclearly, having inherited a slight lisp from his father. This had nothing to do with early signs of illness; he was just that sort of kid—a figure of classroom fun, respected by his friends, avoided by most.

　　Hawking went on to study at Oxford, winning a scholarship to read Natural Science, a course which combines mathematics, physics and astronomy, at University College. He found much of the work easy and averaged only one hour"s work a day. Once, when his tutor set some physics problems from a textbook, Hawking didn"t even bother to do them. Asked why, he spent 20 minutes pointing out errors in the book. His main enthusiasm was the Boat Club. Many times he returned to shore with bits of the boat knocked off, having tried to guide his crew through an impossibly narrow gap. His rowing trainer suspects, "Half the time, he was sitting in the stern with his head in the stars, working out mathematical formulae."

　　Oxford has always had its share of eccentric students, so Hawking fit right in. But then, when he was 21, he was told that he had ALS—a progressive and incurable nerve disease. The doctors predicted that he had only a few years to live.

　　"Before my condition was diagnosed, I was very bored with life," Hawking says today, speaking from his wheelchair through a com*rized voice synthesizer. The doctors" grim prognosis made him determined to get the most from a life he had previously taken for granted.

　　"But I didn"t die," Hawking notes dryly. Instead, as his physical condition worsened, Hawking"s reputation in scientific circles grew, as if to demonstrate the theory of mind over matter. Hawking himself acknowledges his disease as being a crucial factor in focusing his attention on what turned out to be his real strength: theoretical research. Hawking specializes in theoretical cosmology, a branch of science that seeks ultimate answers to big questions; Why has the universe happened, and what are the laws that govern it? His main work has been on black holes and the origin and expansion of the universe. He currently holds the Cambridge University professorship once held by Sir Isaac Newton.

　　The smartest man in the world is not immune to the depression that can accompany severe disabilities. But Hawking says: "I soon realized that the rest of the world won"t want to know you if you"re bitter or angry. You have to be positive if you"re to get much sympathy or help." He goes on: "Nowadays, muscle power is obsolete. What we need is mind power—and disabled people are as good at that as anyone else."

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册史蒂芬霍金的简史3

　　*proclaim

　　vi. say publicly and officially 宣告，宣布

　　*heir

　　n. 继承人

　　best-seller

　　n. sth. (esp. a book) that sells in very large numbers 畅销书/货

　　top-ten

　　n. 排行前十名

　　virtually

　　ad. almost; very nearly 几乎;实际上

　　virtual

　　a. almost what is stated; in fact though not officially 实质上，实际上(但并非正式的)

　　*paralyse, -ze

　　vt. make sb. lose the ability to move part or all of his body, or to feel anything in it 使瘫痪

　　obstacle

　　n. sth. that blocks one"s way or makes movement, progress, etc. difficult 障碍(物)

　　*eccentric

　　a. (of people or their behaviour) unusual; not conventional or normal; slightly odd (人、行为举止)异乎寻常的;古怪的，怪僻的

　　tropical

　　a. of or found in the tropics 热带的;发生于热带的

　　carpet

　　n. 地毯

　　wallpaper

　　n. thick coloured or patterned paper for decorating the walls of a room 墙纸;壁纸

　　*peel

　　vi. (of a covering) come off in strips or small pieces 剥落;脱落

　　vt. (off) remove the outer covering from (a fruit, vegetable, etc.) 削去…的皮;剥去…的壳

　　n. the outer covering of fruits and vegetables (水果、蔬菜等的)皮

　　anniversary

　　n. a day which is an exact year or number of years after sth. has happened; a ceremony, feast, etc., held on this day 周年;周年纪念

　　mathematician

　　n. a person who studies mathematics 数学家

　　astronomer

　　n. a person who studies astronomy 天文学家

　　revolutionise, -ize

　　vt. cause a complete change in 使发生革命性剧变

　　*astronomy

　　n. the scientific study of the sun, moon. stars, planets, etc. 天文学

　　solar

　　a. 1. of, from or concerning the sun 太阳的;太阳产生的

　　2. using the sun"s light and heat 利用太阳光(或太阳能)的

　　ancient

　　a. belonging to times that are long past 古代的;属于古代的

　　figuratively

　　ad. 比喻地;借喻地

　　*literally

　　ad. 1. according to the most basic and simple meaning of a word 字面上地;照文字地

　　2. exactly, really 确实地，真心地，不加夸张地

　　*elite

　　a. (Fr) (of people or organizations) considered to be the best of their kind(法)杰出的，卓越的;精锐的

　　n. a group of the most powerful, rich or talented people 精英阶层;实力集团

　　classical

　　a. 1. (of music) composed with serious intentions and having lasting value (as opposed to jazz or pop) 古典的;古典乐派的

　　2. being in accordance with ancient Greek or Roman models in literature or art or with later systems based on them 古典(指古希腊或古罗马文学、艺术等)的;基于古典文学艺术的

　　*instinctive

　　a. (出于)本能的;(出于)天性的

　　insight

　　n. deep understanding; the ability to see into the true nature of sth. 洞悉，深入了解;洞察力

　　pose

　　vt. 1. ask (a question, riddle, etc.) 提出(问题等)

　　2. create or present (a difficulty, etc.) 造成，引起(困难等)

　　initially

　　ad. at first; at the beginning 最初;开始

　　relate

　　v. 1. tell (a story) 讲述(故事)

　　2. see or show a connection between 使联系，显示出…与…的联系

　　underweight

　　a. weighing too little or less than is usual 重量不足

　　awkward

　　a. 笨拙的;使人尴尬的

　　peer

　　vi. (at, through) look very carefully or hard for not being able to see well 仔细看;费力地看

　　n. a person of the same age or status as you 同辈;同等地位的人

　　eyeglasses

　　n. =glasses 眼镜

　　inherit

　　vt. 1. have features or qualities similar to those of an ancestor 经遗传而得(性格、特征)

　　2. receive (money, property, etc.) as a result of the death of the previous owner 继承(金钱、遗产等)

　　lisp

　　n. 咬舌;口齿不清

　　crew

　　n. 1. a rowing team 全体划船队员

　　2. all the people working on a ship, an aircraft, etc.(船、飞机等的)全体人员

　　gap

　　n. 1. an opening or break between two things 豁口;缺口

　　2. 峡谷;山口

　　3. 差距;分歧;隔阂

　　mathematical

　　a. of or concerning mathematics 数学(上)的

　　progressive

　　a. 1. (of diseases, etc.) becoming increasingly worse in its later stages (疾病等)愈来愈严重的`

　　2. moving forward continuously or by stages 向前进的;循序渐进的

　　3. favoring or eager for new ideas or changes 进步的;改革的

　　incurable

　　a. that cannot be cured 不可救药的;不能治愈的

　　nerve

　　n. 1. any of the threadlike parts of the body which form a system to carry feelings and messages to and from the brain 神经

　　2. strength or control of mind; courage 意志力;勇气

　　predict

　　v. see or describe (a future happening) in advance as a result of knowledge, experience, reason, etc. 预言，预测

　　*diagnose

　　vt. discover the nature of (a disease) 诊断(疾病)

　　wheelchair

　　n. 轮椅

　　synthesizer

　　n. [电子]合成器;音响合成器

　　*grim

　　a. 1. (of a situation, etc.) unpleasant, difficult to accept and worrying 严酷的;无情的

　　2. (of a place) unattractive and depressing in appearance 阴森的，令人生畏的

　　prognosis

　　n. 1. (med.) a doctor"s opinion of what course a disease will probably take [医]预后(指根据症状对疾病结果的预测)

　　2. a prediction about the future 预测

　　dryly, drily

　　ad. 1. according to the rules and without personal warmness or feeling 干巴巴地;冷冰冰地

　　2. 干燥地

　　worsen

　　v. (cause to) become worse (使)变得更坏;(使)恶化

　　demonstrate

　　vt. 1. prove or make clear by reasoning or examples 论证，证明

　　2. show the way to do sth. or how sth. works 示范;操作;演示

　　3. show (one"s particular skill, quality or feeling) 显示，表露

　　vi. take part in a march or meeting to show one"s opposition to sth. or support for it **

　　acknowledge

　　vt. 1. (as, to be) recognize, accept or admit (as) 承认;接受

　　2. state that one has received sth. 告知(信件、礼物等的)收到

　　3. show one"s appreciation for, as by giving or saying sth. 对…表示谢忱，答谢

　　theoretical

　　a. based on or concerning the ideas and abstract principles of a subject, rather than the practical aspects of it 理论(上)的;纯理论的

　　cosmology

　　n. the scientific study of the universe and its origin and development 宇宙学

　　*govern

　　vt. 1. (often pass.) determine the nature of [常被动]决定;支配

　　2. rule (a country, a city, etc. and its people) 统治;治理

　　3. have control or influence over (sth.) 支配;影响

　　governor

　　n. a person who controls any of certain types of organization or place 统治者;管辖者;地方长官

　　expansion

　　n. 1. the process of becoming greater in size or amount 扩大，扩充;扩张

　　2. 扩充物;扩展部分

　　*immune

　　a. 1. (to) not affected by 不受影响的;可防止的

　　2. unable to be harmed (by a disease) because of special powers in oneself 免疫的;有免疫力的

　　depression

　　n. 1. a feeling of sadness and hopelessness 忧伤，消沉，沮丧

　　2. a period of reduced business activity and high unemployment 不景气;萧条(期)

　　disability

　　n. a physical injury or mental illness that severely affects one"s life 伤残，残疾

　　sympathy

　　n. 1. the ability to share the feelings of another 同情心，恻隐心

　　2. a pity 同情

　　sympathize, -ise

　　v. show or feel sympathy (表示)同情

　　black hole

　　an area in outer space into which everything near it, including light itself, is pulled [天]黑洞

　　nowadays

　　ad. at the present time, in contrast with the past 如今，现在

　　obsolete

　　a. no longer used; out of date 已废弃的;过时的

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　far and wide

　　everywhere; from or over a large area 到处;广泛地

　　dream of

　　wish, fantasize, imagine 梦想;向往

　　specialise in

　　concentrate one"s studies, interests, etc. on (a particular field, etc.) 专门从事;专门研究

　　in use

　　being used 在使用着的

　　fall apart

　　break into pieces; break up 破碎;崩溃

　　in a sense

　　to a certain extent but not entirely 从某种意义上说

　　be responsible for

　　be the cause of 是…的原因;对…负责

　　hang around (with)

　　spend time in a place or with sb., often without any particular purpose (在某处)闲荡;(和某人)厮混

　　at once

　　at the same time 同时，一起

　　struggle away with

　　try very hard to do (sth., though it is very hard) 努力做(某事)，艰难地做(某事)

　　have nothing to do with

　　have no relation to or connection with 与…无关

　　bother to do sth.

　　trouble oneself to do sth. 费心去做某事

　　knock off

　　cause sth. to fall from a place 敲掉;击倒

　　work out

　　find an answer to (sth.); solve (sth.) 想出;得出

　　have one"s share of sth.

　　have part of sth.; have the amount that is fair for sb. 享有其中一份;享有自己应得的一份

　　fit (right) in

　　be (precisely) suitable (to) (正)相合

　　mind over matter

　　(sometimes humor) control of events or material objects by the power of the mind 精神战胜物质

　　turn out to be

　　happen to be in the end 最后是;结果是

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展6）

——21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册单元2内容解析60篇

21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册单元2内容解析1

　　Listening

　　First Listening

　　Before listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following words.

　　conversation

　　谈话

　　comment on

　　bowling

　　保龄球

　　lane

　　球道

　　connect

　　联系

　　converse

　　交谈

　　switch

　　转换

　　Second Listening

　　Listen to the tape again. Then, choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

　　1. What was the main cause of the problem discussed in the listening?

　　A) She was using a Western style in conversations among the Japanese.

　　B) She insisted on speaking English even though she was in Japan.

　　C) She spoke the Japanese language poorly.

　　D) She was an American woman married to a Japanese man.

　　2. Which of the following comparisons does the listening make about Japanese and Western conversational styles?

　　A) The Japanese style is like tennis and the Western style is like volleyball.

　　B) The Western style is more athletic than the Japanese style.

　　C) The Japanese style is like bowling and the Western style is like tennis.

　　D) The Japanese style is like singles tennis and the Western style is like doubles.

　　3. The author considers the Western conversational style to be ____________.

　　A) more interactive (互动的)

　　B) louder

　　C) more personal

　　D) better

　　4.The author considers the Japanese conversational style to be ____________.

　　A) easier to adjust to(适应)

　　B) more strictly (严谨地) organized

　　C) more traditional

　　D) better

　　5.The author concludes that ____________.

　　A) once you know the differences, it is easy to adjust to them

　　B) because she is American, she will never really understand Japan

　　C) life will be much easier for her students than it was for her

　　D) it remains difficult to switch from one style to another

　　Pre-reading Questions

　　1.Look at the title and guess what this passage is about.

　　2. Go over the first paragraph quickly and find out who the author is. Is she a Japanese born and educated in the United States or an American married to a Japanese?

　　3. Have you ever talked with a native speaker of English? What problems have you encountered in talking with a foreigner?

　　Conversational Ballgames

　　Nancy Masterson Sakamoto

　　After I was married and had lived in Japan for a while, my Japanese gradually improved to the point where I could take part in simple conversations with my husband, his friends, and family. And I began to notice that often, when I joined in, the others would look startled, and the conversation would come to a halt. After this happened several times, it became clear to me that I was doing something wrong. But for a long time, I didn"t know what it was.

　　Finally, after listening carefully to many Japanese conversations, I discovered what my problem was. Even though I was speaking Japanese, I was handling the conversation in a Western way.

　　Japanese-style conversations develop quite differently from western-style conversations. And the difference isn"t only in the languages. I realized that just as I kept trying to hold western-style conversations even when I was speaking Japanese, so were my English students trying to hold Japanese-style conversations even when they were speaking English. We were unconsciously playing entirely different conversational ballgames.

　　A western-style conversation between two people is like a game of tennis. If I introduce a topic, a conversational ball, I expect you to hit it back. If you agree with me, I don"t expect you sim* to agree and do nothing more. I expect you to add something — a reason for agreeing, another example, or a remark to carry the idea further. But I don"t expect you always to agree. I am just as happy if you question me, or challenge me, or completely disagree with me. Whether you agree or disagree, your response will return the ball to me.

　　And then it is my turn again. I don"t serve a new ball from my original starting line. I hit your ball back again from where it has bounced. I carry your idea further, or answer your questions or objections, or challenge or question you. And so the ball goes back and forth.

　　If there are more than two people in the conversation, then it is like doubles in tennis, or like volleyball. There"s no waiting in line. Whoever is nearest and quickest hits the ball, and if you step back, someone else will hit it. No one stops the game to give you a turn. You"re responsible for taking your own turn and no one person has the ball for very long.

　　A Japanese-style conversation, however, is not at all like tennis or volleyball, it"s like bowling. You wait for your turn, and you always know your place in line. It depends on such things as whether you are older or younger, a close friend or a relative stranger to the previous speaker, in a senior or junior position, and so on.

　　The first thing is to wait for your turn, patiently and politely. When your moment comes, you step up to the starting line with your bowling ball, and carefully bowl it. Everyone else stands back, making sounds of polite encouragement. Everyone waits until your ball has reached the end of the lane, and watches to see if it knocks down all the pins, or only some of them, or none of them. Then there is a pause, while everyone registers your score.

　　Then, after everyone is sure that you are done, the next person in line steps up to the same starting line, with a different ball. He doesn"t return your ball. There is no back and forth at all. And there is always a suitable pause between turns. There is no rush, no impatience.

　　No wonder everyone looked startled when I took part in Japanese conversations. I paid no attention to whose turn it was, and kept snatching the ball halfway down the alley and throwing it back at the bowler. Of course the conversation fell apart, I was playing the wrong game.

　　This explains why it can be so difficult to get a western-style discussion going with Japanese students of English. Whenever I serve a volleyball, everyone just stands back and watches it fall. No one hits it back. Everyone waits until I call on someone to take a turn. And when that person speaks, he doesn"t hit my ball back. He serves a new ball. Again, everyone just watches it fall. So I call on someone else. This person does not refer to what the previous speaker has said. He also serves a new ball. Everyone begins again from the same starting line, and all the balls run parallel. There is never any back and forth.

　　Now that you know about the difference in the conversational ballgames, you may think that all your troubles are over. But if you have been trained all your life to play one game, it is no simple matter to switch to another, even if you know the rules. Tennis, after all, is different from bowling.

21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册单元2内容解析2

　　conversational

　　a. 会话的，交谈的

　　conversation

　　n. an informal talk in which people exchange news, feelings, and thoughts 谈话; 会谈

　　ballgame

　　n. any game played with a ball 球类活动

　　gradually

　　ad. in a way that happens or develops slowly over a long period of time 逐渐

　　startle

　　vt. make suddenly surprised or slightly shocked 使惊吓，使惊奇

　　halt

　　n. a stop or pause 停住，停止

　　v. stop (使)停住，(使)停止

　　handle

　　vt. deal with 处理，应付

　　unconsciously

　　ad. not consciously 无意识地，不知不觉地

　　challenge

　　vt. 向…挑战;对…质疑

　　n. 挑战;质疑

　　disagree

　　vi. (with) have or express a different opinion from sb. else 有分歧，不同意

　　response

　　n. an answer; (an) action done in answer 回答;回应;反应

　　original

　　a. first; earliest 起初的;原来的

　　bounce

　　vi. (of a ball) spring back or up again from the ground or another surface (球)弹起，(球)反弹

　　objection

　　n. sth. that one says to show that he /she opposes or disapproves of an action, idea, etc. 反对，异议

　　forth

　　ad. forward; out 向前;向外

　　responsible

　　a. having the job or duty of looking after sb. or sth., so that one can be blamed if things go wrong 须负责的，有责任的

　　bowling

　　n. 保龄球

　　relative

　　a. having a particular quality when compared with sth. else 相对的，比较的

　　n. a member of one"s family; relation 亲属;亲戚

　　a. coming before in time or order 先前的，以前的

　　junior

　　a. of lower rank or position; younger 级别或地位较低的`，年资较浅的;年少的，较年幼的

　　bowl

　　vt. 把(球)投向球瓶

　　lane

　　n. 球道;车道;胡同，小巷

　　n. 球瓶;大头针，别针

　　vt. record 记录，登记

　　suitable

　　a. 合适的;适当的

　　impatience

　　n. 不耐烦;急躁

　　*snatch

　　vt. get hold of (sth.) hastily; take in a hurry, esp. forcefully 抓住;夺，夺得

　　alley

　　n. 小巷，小街，胡同;球道

　　bowler

　　n. 投球手

　　apart

　　ad. into pieces 成碎片

　　parallel

　　a. running side by side but never getting nearer to or further away from each other *行的，并列的

　　switch

　　vi. change 改变，转移

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　Join in

　　take part in (an activity) 参加，参与

　　come to a halt

　　stop 停住，停止;停顿

　　even if/though

　　in spite of the fact that; no matter whether 即使;尽管

　　just as

　　正如;同样地

　　back and forth

　　来回地，反复地

　　and so on

　　and other things of this kind 等等

　　knock down

　　make (sth.) fall by hitting or pushing it 击倒;撞倒

　　fall apart

　　break; fall to pieces; end in failure 破裂;破碎;以失败告终

　　call on /upon

　　formally ask (sb.) to do sth. 号召;请求

　　refer to

　　mention; speak about 谈到，提及

　　after all

　　when all is said or done 毕竟

21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册单元2内容解析3

　　Listening

　　First Listening

　　Before listening to the tape, have a quick look at the following words.

　　conversation

　　谈话

　　comment on

　　bowling

　　保龄球

　　lane

　　球道

　　connect

　　联系

　　converse

　　交谈

　　switch

　　转换

　　Second Listening

　　Listen to the tape again. Then, choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

　　1. What was the main cause of the problem discussed in the listening?

　　A) She was using a Western style in conversations among the Japanese.

　　B) She insisted on speaking English even though she was in Japan.

　　C) She spoke the Japanese language poorly.

　　D) She was an American woman married to a Japanese man.

　　2. Which of the following comparisons does the listening make about Japanese and Western conversational styles?

　　A) The Japanese style is like tennis and the Western style is like volleyball.

　　B) The Western style is more athletic than the Japanese style.

　　C) The Japanese style is like bowling and the Western style is like tennis.

　　D) The Japanese style is like singles tennis and the Western style is like doubles.

　　3. The author considers the Western conversational style to be ____________.

　　A) more interactive (互动的)

　　B) louder

　　C) more personal

　　D) better

　　4.The author considers the Japanese conversational style to be ____________.

　　A) easier to adjust to(适应)

　　B) more strictly (严谨地) organized

　　C) more traditional

　　D) better

　　5.The author concludes that ____________.

　　A) once you know the differences, it is easy to adjust to them

　　B) because she is American, she will never really understand Japan

　　C) life will be much easier for her students than it was for her

　　D) it remains difficult to switch from one style to another

　　Pre-reading Questions

　　1.Look at the title and guess what this passage is about.

　　2. Go over the first paragraph quickly and find out who the author is. Is she a Japanese born and educated in the United States or an American married to a Japanese?

　　3. Have you ever talked with a native speaker of English? What problems have you encountered in talking with a foreigner?

　　Conversational Ballgames

　　Nancy Masterson Sakamoto

　　Finally, after listening carefully to many Japanese conversations, I discovered what my problem was. Even though I was speaking Japanese, I was handling the conversation in a Western way.

21世纪大学英语读写教程第一册单元2内容解析4

　　conversational

　　a. 会话的，交谈的

　　conversation

　　n. an informal talk in which people exchange news, feelings, and thoughts 谈话; 会谈

　　ballgame

　　n. any game played with a ball 球类活动

　　gradually

　　ad. in a way that happens or develops slowly over a long period of time 逐渐

　　startle

　　vt. make suddenly surprised or slightly shocked 使惊吓，使惊奇

　　halt

　　n. a stop or pause 停住，停止

　　v. stop (使)停住，(使)停止

　　handle

　　vt. deal with 处理，应付

　　unconsciously

　　ad. not consciously 无意识地，不知不觉地

　　challenge

　　vt. 向…挑战;对…质疑

　　n. 挑战;质疑

　　disagree

　　vi. (with) have or express a different opinion from sb. else 有分歧，不同意

　　response

　　n. an answer; (an) action done in answer 回答;回应;反应

　　original

　　a. first; earliest 起初的;原来的

　　bounce

　　vi. (of a ball) spring back or up again from the ground or another surface (球)弹起，(球)反弹

　　objection

　　n. sth. that one says to show that he /she opposes or disapproves of an action, idea, etc. 反对，异议

　　forth

　　ad. forward; out 向前;向外

　　responsible

　　a. having the job or duty of looking after sb. or sth., so that one can be blamed if things go wrong 须负责的，有责任的

　　bowling

　　n. 保龄球

　　relative

　　a. having a particular quality when compared with sth. else 相对的，比较的

　　n. a member of one"s family; relation 亲属;亲戚

　　a. coming before in time or order 先前的，以前的

　　junior

　　a. of lower rank or position; younger 级别或地位较低的.，年资较浅的;年少的，较年幼的

　　bowl

　　vt. 把(球)投向球瓶

　　lane

　　n. 球道;车道;胡同，小巷

　　n. 球瓶;大头针，别针

　　vt. record 记录，登记

　　suitable

　　a. 合适的;适当的

　　impatience

　　n. 不耐烦;急躁

　　*snatch

　　vt. get hold of (sth.) hastily; take in a hurry, esp. forcefully 抓住;夺，夺得

　　alley

　　n. 小巷，小街，胡同;球道

　　bowler

　　n. 投球手

　　apart

　　ad. into pieces 成碎片

　　parallel

　　a. running side by side but never getting nearer to or further away from each other *行的，并列的

　　switch

　　vi. change 改变，转移

　　Phrases and Expressions

　　Join in

　　take part in (an activity) 参加，参与

　　come to a halt

　　stop 停住，停止;停顿

　　even if/though

　　in spite of the fact that; no matter whether 即使;尽管

　　just as

　　正如;同样地

　　back and forth

　　来回地，反复地

　　and so on

　　and other things of this kind 等等

　　knock down

　　make (sth.) fall by hitting or pushing it 击倒;撞倒

　　fall apart

　　break; fall to pieces; end in failure 破裂;破碎;以失败告终

　　call on /upon

　　formally ask (sb.) to do sth. 号召;请求

　　refer to

　　mention; speak about 谈到，提及

　　after all

　　when all is said or done 毕竟

21世纪大学英语读写教程第二册第4课内容全解60篇（扩展7）

——21世纪大学英语读写教程第3册Unit10课文详解60篇

21世纪大学英语读写教程第3册Unit10课文详解1

　　1. Before you listen to the passage, quickly note down your responses to the questions below. Don"t think too much before you respond — your first ideas are the best ones.

　　A) On a scale of one to ten, where ten is the most nervous you"ve ever felt in your life, how nervous do you feel right now?

　　B) On a scale of one to ten, where ten is the most exhausted you"ve ever felt in your life, how tired do you feel right now?

　　C) What are the three biggest problems that are worrying you today? Write down one-word "titles" for each of these three problems.

　　Now listen to the passage, and go on to the next questions afterwards.

　　2. After hearing the passage, do you feel more or less nervous than you did before? More or less tired? More or less worried about your problems?

　　3. How do you usually behave when you"re worried or nervous about something?

21世纪大学英语读写教程第3册Unit10课文详解2

　　Louis E. Kopolow, M.D.

　　You need stress in your life! Does that surprise you? Perhaps so, but it is quite true. Without stress, life would be dull and unexciting. Stress adds flavor, challenge, and opportunity to life. Too much stress, however, can seriously affect your physical and mental well-being. A major challenge in the stress-filled world of today is to learn how to cope with stress so that it doesn"t become overwhelming.

　　What kinds of things can cause too much stress in our lives? We often think of major crises such as natural disasters, war, and death as main sources of stress. These are, of course, stressful events. However, according to psychologist Wayne Weiten, on a day-to-day basis, it"s the small things that cause stress: waiting in line, having car trouble, getting stuck in a traffic jam, having too many things to do in a limited time.

　　Interestingly, stress is unique and personal to each of us. So personal, in fact, that what may be relaxing to one person may be stressful to another. For example, if you"re an executive who likes to keep busy all the time, "taking it easy" at the beach on a beautiful day may feel extremely frustrating, non-productive, and upsetting. You may be emotionally distressed from "doing nothing".

　　Hans Selye, M.D., a recognized expert in the field, has defined stress as a "non-specific response of the body to a demand." For the busy executive, the demand that causes stress might be to relax. For most of us, it"s a demand to act that causes stress. If we feel overwhelmed by pressure to do too much, we may not be able to function at all. In this case, the stress that can be good for us becomes distress, or bad stress. When stress becomes prolonged or particularly frustrating, it can become harmful, causing physical illness.

　　Reacting To Stress

　　The body responds to stressful events by going through three stages: (1) alarm, (2) resistance and (3) exhaustion. Let"s take the example of a ty//.oh100.com/picmuter in rush-hour traffic. If a car suddenly pulls out in front of him, his initial alarm reaction may include fear of an accident, anger at the driver who committed the action, and general frustration. His body may respond in the alarm stage by releasing chemicals into the bloodstream which cause his face to flush, perspiration to form, his stomach to have a sinking feeling, and his arms and legs to tighten. The next stage is resistance, in which the body repairs damage caused by the stress. If the stress of driving continues with repeated close calls or traffic jams, however, his body doesn"t have time to make repairs. He may become so conditioned to expect potential problems when he drives that he tightens up at the beginning of each commuting day. The third stage, exhaustion, occurs if the stress continues over a long period of time, and the body depletes its resources for fighting stress. The result may be illness: insomnia, headaches, backaches, ulcers, high blood pressure — even heart disease.

　　While you can"t live completely free of stress and distress, you can prevent some distress as well as minimize its impact. By recognizing the early signs of distress and then doing something about them, you can improve the quality of your life and perhaps even live longer.

　　Helping Yourself

　　When stress does occur, it"s important to recognize and deal with it. Here are some suggestions for handling stress. As you begin to understand more about how stress affects you as an individual, you"ll come up with your own ways to ease the tension.

　　Try physical activity. When you"re nervous, angry or upset, release the pressure through exercise or physical activity. Running, walking, playing tennis or working in your garden are just some of the activities you might try. Physical exercise will relieve the tension, relax you and turn the frowns into smiles. Remember, your body and your mind work together.

　　Share your stress. It helps to talk to someone about your concerns and worries. Perhaps a friend, family member, teacher or counselor can help you see your problem in a different light. If you feel your problem is serious, you might seek professional help from a psychologist, psychiatrist, social worker or mental health counselor. Knowing when to ask for help may help you avoid more serious problems later.

　　Know your limits. If a problem is beyond your control and can"t be changed at the moment, don"t fight the situation. Learn to accept what is — for now — until a time when you can change it.

　　Take care of yourself. You"re special. Get enough rest and eat well. If you"re irritable and tense from lack of sleep or if you aren"t eating correctly, you"ll have less ability to deal with stressful situations. If stress repeatedly keeps you from sleeping, you should ask your doctor for help.

　　Make time for fun. Schedule time for both work and recreation. Play can be just as important to your well-being as work; you need a break from your daily routine to just relax and have fun.

　　Be a participant. One way to keep from getting bored, sad, and lonely is to go somewhere where things are happening. Sitting alone can make you feel frustrated. Instead of feeling sorry for yourself, get involved and become a participant. Offer your services in volunteer organizations. Help yourself by helping other people. Get involved in the world and the people around you, and you"ll find they"ll be attracted to you. You"ll be on your way to making new friends and enjoying new activities.

　　Check off your tasks. Trying to take care of everything at once can seem overwhelming, and, as a result, you may not accomplish anything. Instead, make a list of what tasks you have to do, then do one at a time, check them off as they"re completed. Give priority to the most important ones and do those first.

　　Must you always be right? Do other people upset you — particularly when they don"t do things your way? Try cooperation instead of confrontation; it"s better than fighting and always being "right." A little give and take on both sides will reduce the strain and make you both feel more comfortable.

　　It"s OK to cry. A good cry can be a healthy way to bring relief to your anxiety, and it might even prevent a headache or other physical consequences. Take some deep breaths; they also release tension.

　　Create a quiet scene. You can"t always run away, but you can "dream the impossible dream." A quiet country scene painted mentally (or on canvas!) can let you escape from a stressful situation. Change the scene by reading a good book or playing beautiful music to create a sense of peace.

　　Avoid self-medication. Although you can use prescription or over-the-counter medications to relieve stress temporarily, they don"t eliminate the conditions that caused the stress in the first place. Medications, in fact, may be habit-forming and can also reduce your efficiency, thus creating more stress than they take away. They should be taken only on the advice of your doctor.

　　The Art of Relaxation

　　The best strategy for avoiding stress is to learn how to relax. Unfortunately many people try to relax at the same pace that they lead the rest of their lives. For a while, tune out your worries about time, productivity, and "doing right". You"ll find satisfaction in just being, without striving. Find activities that give you pleasure and that are good for your mental and physical well-being. Forget about always winning. Focus on relaxation, enjoyment, and health. Whatever method works for you, be good to yourself. If you don"t let stress get out of hand, you can actually make it work for you instead of against you.

21世纪大学英语读写教程第3册Unit10课文详解3

　　stress

　　n. force or pressure caused by difficulties in life 压力;紧张

　　well-being

　　n. the state of being healthy, happy, or prosperous 安康;安乐;幸福

　　* overwhelming

　　a. irresistible by force of numbers, influence, amount, etc. 压倒的，势不可挡的;无法抵抗的

　　stressful

　　a. 紧张的.;压力重的

　　distress

　　vt. subject to pressure, stress, or strain; make unhappy 使紧张;使苦恼;使痛苦

　　n. (精神上的)痛苦;苦恼

　　* prolong

　　vt. make longer; extend 延长;延伸

　　resistance

　　n. an act of resisting; desire to oppose sth. 抵抗;反抗;抵制;抗拒

　　resistant

　　a. having or showing resistance 抵抗的;反抗的

　　rush-hour

　　a. 交通高峰时间的

　　initial

　　a. occurring at the beginning; first or earliest 开头的;最初的

　　bloodstream

　　n. the blood as it flows through the body (体内的)血流

　　* flush

　　vi. turn red because of a rush of blood to the skin; blush (因皮肤充血而)变红;脸红

　　close call

　　n. a narrow escape from danger or an accident 侥幸脱险，死里逃生

　　condition

　　vt. accustom; train 使习惯;训练

　　deplete

　　vt. use up or exhaust 用光;耗尽

　　insomnia

　　n. i*lity to sleep; sleeplessness 失眠症;失眠

　　relieve

　　vt. ease or reduce (pain, anxiety or trouble) 解除或减轻(痛苦等)

　　social worker

　　n. a person who does work directed toward the betterment of social conditions in a community 社会福利工作者

　　irritable

　　a. easily made angry; impatient 易怒的;急躁的

　　* irritate

　　vt. make impatient or angry 使急躁;激怒

　　tense

　　a. nervous, anxious and unable to relax (心理或神经)紧张的，不安的

　　repeatedly

　　ad. again and again 一再，再三;反复地

　　volunteer

　　n. a person who enters any service of his own choice; a person who serves without pay 志愿者

　　a. of or made up of volunteers 志愿(者)的

　　confrontation

　　n. an open or direct clash; angry opposition 冲突;对抗

　　give and take

　　n. willingness to be mutually tolerant and forgiving within a relationship 互谅互让

　　anxiety

　　n. uneasy thoughts or fears about what may happen; troubled, worried, or uneasy feeling 焦虑;忧虑

　　self-medication

　　n. the act of taking medicines without the advice of a doctor 自我药疗

　　over-the-counter

　　a. (of medicine) that can be sold and bought without a doctor"s prescription (药)无医生处方也可合法出售的

　　habit-forming

　　a. (esp. of medicine, a drug, etc.) that can become impossible to stop taking because one"s body begins to need it (尤指药物、吸毒等)易使人上瘾的

　　efficiency

　　n. the ability to do things without waste of time or energy 效率

　　relaxation

　　n. 1. 松驰，放松

　　2. 休息;消遣;娱乐

　　* relax

　　v. 1. make or become less active or worried 放松，(使)轻松

　　2. make (effort or control) less severe 使…松懈;放宽

　　* strive

　　vi. try hard; make efforts 努力;奋斗

21世纪大学英语读写教程第3册Unit10课文详解4

　　take it easy

　　refrain from hard work; relax 不过于劳累;放松

　　go through

　　undergo; experience 经历;经受

　　pull out

　　(of a vehicle) move out from the side of the road, or from its normal position to overtake (车辆)为超车而驶离路边或正常位置

　　tighten up

　　become tight or tighter 绷紧

　　for now

　　for this time; until a later time 目前;暂时

　　make time

　　find or gain time 腾出时间;争取时间

　　have fun

　　enjoy oneself 玩得开心

　　check off

　　mark, especially on a list, as finished or requiring no further attention 核对后打勾;勾销

　　in the first place

　　at the beginning of the discussion of a matter; to start with 最初;原先

　　on sb."s advice/on the advice of sb.

　　according to the advice given by sb. 按照某人的劝告

　　tune out

　　ignore; stop paying attention to 不理会

　　(get) out of hand

　　(get) out of control 失去控制

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